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onclick="shareto_qzone()" title="分享到QQ空间"><i class="iconfont nky-share_qzone fs32"></i></div>   <div id="pztdibz8dp3f" class="share_btn share_facebook" onclick="shareto_facebook();" title="Facebook"><i class="iconfont nky-share_facebook fs26"></i></div> <div id="pztdibz8dp3f" class="share_btn share_twitter" onclick="shareto_twitter();" title="Twitter"><i class="iconfont nky-share_twitter fs24"></i></div> <div id="pztdibz8dp3f" class="share_btn share_linkedin" onclick="shareto_linkedin();" title="Linkedin"><i class="iconfont nky-shareto_linkedin fs32"></i></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="pztdibz8dp3f" class="mid_n"> <div id="pztdibz8dp3f" class="page_article share_content"> <div id="pztdibz8dp3f" class="page_articleTitle tc">  <h3 id="shareTitle" class="fs30">[中国科学报] 新法实施：补齐黑土地?；さ亩贪?/h3> </div> <div id="pztdibz8dp3f" class="article_author"> <span>发布时间：2022-08-05</span> <i>|</i><span>来源：中国科学报 2022年8月4日</span><i>|</i><span>作者：李晨</span> </div> <div id="pztdibz8dp3f" class="article_control"> <div id="pztdibz8dp3f" class="size"> <span id="pztdibz8dp3f" class="fs14">字体</span> <a class="size3 size_min"><i class="iconfont nky-article_size1 fs14"></i>小</a> <a class="size2 size_mid"><i class="iconfont nky-article_size2 fs14"></i>中</a> <a class="size1 size_max"><i class="iconfont nky-article_size3 fs14"></i>大</a> </div> </div> <div id="pztdibz8dp3f" class="article fs16 lh28"> <p style="text-align:center">　　<img alt="" onclick="window.open('/publish/zgnykxywz/images/content/2022-08/20220805160029934717_1.jpg')" src="../../images/content/2022-08/5a389d26f5764089af4f091d57f5d4d4.jpg" style="height:375px; width:500px"></p> <p style="text-align:center">　　黑土张斌供图</p> <p>　　</p> <p style="text-align:center">　　<img alt="" onclick="window.open('/publish/zgnykxywz/images/content/2022-08/20220805160053776877_1.jpg')" src="../../images/content/2022-08/4f1c6f89d8b94ca3b696afb3d33927e9.jpg" style="height:346px; width:530px"></p> <p style="text-align:center">　　相距100米的两个剖面（平地）：左图为退耕还林的黑土层105厘米；右图为长期种植农作物黑土层85厘米。张斌供图</p> <p>　　</p> <p>　　<span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:微软雅黑">对人类可持续发展而言，黑土是全世界最重要的土壤类型。早期过度开垦和不合理利用使得黑土资源在全球范围内不同时期出现了不同程度的退化现象，并导致粮食减产。</span></span></p> <p>　　<span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:微软雅黑">全球范围内，我国黑土资源大规?？牙美纷疃?，粮食产能增加最快。目前呈现出一定程度的退化现象，黑土地?；さ玫焦液蜕缁岬母叨裙刈ⅰ?/span></span></p> <p>　　<span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:微软雅黑">8月1日，《中华人民共和国黑土地?；しā罚ㄒ韵录虺坪谕恋乇；しǎ┱绞凳?，其系统阐明了黑土地?；さ亩韵?、主体责任、投入保障、科技支撑作用以及黑土地破坏的惩罚措施。</span></span></p> <p>　　<span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:微软雅黑">新法实施对黑土地?；び泻沃匾庖澹靠萍剂α拷谛路ㄊ凳┲蟹⒒邮裁醋饔?？《中国科学报》为此采访了相关专家。</span></span></p> <p>　　</p> <p>　　<strong><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:微软雅黑">全球首部特定土壤类型的国家级法律文件</span></span></strong></p> <p>　　<span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:微软雅黑">“在不同土壤类型中，黑土有机质含量最高、黑土层深厚，土壤肥力和固碳能力均最大。”中国农业科学院<a target="_blank">农业资源与农业区划研究所</a>研究员张斌在接受《中国科学报》采访时说，我国黑土地主要分布在黑龙江省、吉林省和辽宁省大部分地区及内蒙古自治区东部，面积约为109万平方公里，耕地面积约为2.78亿亩。该地区粮食产量和商品量分别占全国1/4，粮食调出量约占全国1/3，在保障国家粮食安全中具有举足轻重的地位。</span></span></p> <p>　　<span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:微软雅黑">?；の夜谕恋丶捌淞甘巢芫哂惺种匾南质岛屠芬庖?。党的十八大以来，党中央出台了多项加强黑土地?；さ奶厥庹叽胧?，重点实施秸秆还田、增施有机肥、少免耕、深松耕、侵蚀沟治理、高标准农田建设以及轮作休耕等黑土保护和治理措施。</span></span></p> <p>　　<span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:微软雅黑">张斌介绍，这些计划和方案提出，到2025年实施以少免耕秸秆还田为主要内容的?；ば愿?.4亿亩，在2021~2025年间通过土壤侵蚀防治、农田基础设施建设、肥沃耕作层培育等措施实现黑土耕地?；だ妹婊?亿亩，其中包括建成标准化示范面积1800万亩和高标准农田5000万亩。到“十四五”末黑土地?；で刂柿棵飨蕴嵘行Ф糁坪谕粮亍氨浔?、变瘦、变硬”退化趋势，防治水土流失，基本构建形成持续推进黑土地?；だ玫某ばЩ?。</span></span></p> <p>　　<span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:微软雅黑">“制定黑土地保护法，就是将黑土地?；ふ叽胧┥仙芍贫取！闭疟笏担獠糠ǖ陌洳级杂谇炕谕恋夭缸饔?，?；ぁ⒅卫砗托薷春谕恋?，确保黑土地资源及其质量，促进东北乡村振兴，保障国家粮食安全和生态安全具有重要意义。</span></span></p> <p>　　<span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:微软雅黑">“作为全球首部关于特定土壤类型的国家级法律文件，通过法律建设的手段对促进全国乃至全球土壤资源?；ず涂沙中?，实现我国和全人类可持续发展目标具有极强的示范作用?！闭疟笏?。</span></span></p> <p>　　<span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:微软雅黑">黑土地?；しǖ闹贫ò洳己褪凳?，充分体现了我国对黑土地利用及其保护的重要性、迫切性和长久性的深刻认识。这部法明确了黑土地保护内容包括耕地资源和地力、耕地生态环境以及耕地粮食产能，强调县级规划动态平衡黑土地在粮食安全和生态安全中的重要作用；黑土地的?；ざ喾皆鹑ü驳＃冀⒄鞯?、农民实施和多元参与的黑土地?；じ窬郑康鞲髦中骰频闹匾?；建立黑土地保护的长期财政投入保障机制，提出建立粮食主销区跨区域的资金支持黑土地保护机制，具有重大创新性；明确各级政府在黑土地利用、保护、质量和修复等方面建设目标、主要措施和实施方案，强调对科技支撑能力建设的支持，强调调查和监测体系，农田基础设施建设和生态环境治理，用地养地种植、耕作、施肥及其他环境友好管理制度建设；明确对黑土地保护做出重大贡献的奖励、黑土保护主导方责任的考核监督及对黑土资源破坏的行为的处罚措施。</span></span></p> <p>　　</p> <p>　　<strong><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:微软雅黑">对黑土地实施“建档保护”</span></span></strong></p> <p>　　<span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:微软雅黑">按黑土地?；しㄒ螅泄夭棵藕偷厍橹购谕粮氐鞑?，建立黑土耕地档案，把黑土耕地纳入耕地?；ず煜呷挝?。</span></span></p> <p>　　<span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:微软雅黑">自然资源部办公厅发布的《关于进一步加强黑土耕地保护的通知》要求，内蒙古、辽宁、吉林、黑龙江四省区自然资源主管部门将会同有关部门组织开展黑土耕地调查，利用年度国土变更调查现状耕地数据与全国土壤普查七类黑土地土壤类型数据逐图斑核查，进一步明确黑土区内黑土耕地类型、分布、数量、质量、?；ず屠米纯?，建立黑土耕地档案，作为严格管护的基础。</span></span></p> <p>　　<span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:微软雅黑">“耕地信息建档不是新生事物，但建立全面、完整、及时更新的黑土地档案信息库是一项新目标、新任务，还相当艰巨复杂?！弊匀蛔试床抗琳沃行难芯吭痹俏木墼诮邮堋吨泄蒲Пā凡煞檬敝赋?，对黑土地进行“建档?；ぁ?，就是进行不动产登记，实际上是我国长期实施的地籍制度的一种升级。</span></span></p> <p>　　<span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:微软雅黑">地籍，也就是土地的档案。地籍是反映土地及地上附着物的权属、位置、质量、数量和利用现状等有关土地的自然、社会、经济和法律等基本状况的资料，亦称土地的户籍。基础地籍资料包括地籍图、地籍册和地籍登记档案。地籍资料应具有现实性和准确性。</span></span></p> <p>　　<span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:微软雅黑">如今，地籍簿已经发展到电子信息档案、立体信息档案。郧文聚说，要实现对黑土地进行“建档?；ぁ?，主要是加强黑土地保护地籍信息的全面性、针对性和及时性，地籍<a target="_blank">信息所</a>承载的预测决策信息需要深度挖掘利用。</span></span></p> <p>　　<span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:微软雅黑">由于我国第二次全国土壤普查是在40年前完成的，有关黑土地的基本信息没有高精度的。与此同时，这些基本信息尚未与地籍管理所需信息建立起关联?！昂谕恋乇；さ丶畔⒉煌晟啤⒎植棵殴碌夯?，没有形成决策支持，对实践需要支撑不够?！痹俏木鬯?。</span></span></p> <p>　　<span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:微软雅黑">而黑土地保护中，水土流失治理、高标准农田建设和高效永续利用、集中连片开展国土整治和生态修复等工作，还比较难于开展。</span></span></p> <p>　　<span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:微软雅黑">“把全国第三次国土调查、全国农用地土壤污染状况详查和第三次全国土壤普查成果整合起来，打破信息孤岛，才能有效的实现对黑土地的?；ぁ！痹俏木矍康魉怠?/span></span></p> <p>　　<span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:微软雅黑">其中，前两项调查已经由自然资源部和生态环境部分别牵头完成，第三项调查工作正在农业农村部组织下进行。预计2025年，相关的黑土地自然资源调查监测评价信息将整合发布。</span></span></p> <p>　　</p> <p>　　<strong><span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:微软雅黑">制度创新和科技创新非常必要</span></span></strong></p> <p>　　<span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:微软雅黑">通过参与全国政协人口资源环境委员会组织的黑土地?；すこ堂裰鞫讲煲巴獾餮?，张斌看到了我国颁布的一系列黑土地保护行动计划和实施方案得到落实和推进。不过在调查中，他也发现一些问题。</span></span></p> <p>　　<span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:微软雅黑">“对黑土地?；さ娜鲜恫灰恢?，科技支撑亟待加强?！闭疟笏?，对黑土地质量、底数和边界认识不清；对?；び肜玫墓叵怠⒂玫赜胙氐墓叵?，特别是对土地利用强度改变方向、环境承载力和安全保护边界等认识不全面；对现行、现试技术的破坏性、修复性、?；ば院捅Ｓ匀狈彩叮恍┏９婕际醣话俺杀；ば约际?。</span></span></p> <p>　　<span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:微软雅黑">张斌认为，目前对黑土地?；さ墓ぷ髦校蕴锛浣崭压芾?、有机肥使用、土壤耕作和轮作技术创新比较重视，而对修复性、保护性和降低利用强度的技术重视程度不够，对短生育期作物育种、区块化粮豆轮作、定产定肥精准管理、农田景观结构改造、机耕道和管排水系统等基础设施建设等技术创新考虑较少。</span></span></p> <p>　　<span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:微软雅黑">此外，创新技术的区域差异及其适应期长短差异的认识不深刻；创新技术的推广条件、适宜范围以及与土地集约化发展方向结合不充分。</span></span></p> <p>　　<span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:微软雅黑">“虽然?；ば愿骶哂蟹乐雇恋赝嘶木薮笄绷?，在土壤质地较轻和干旱严重的东北西部和南部松辽平原取得一定的效果，但在东北地区推广应用面积仍然较小?！闭疟笏?。</span></span></p> <p>　　<span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:微软雅黑">甚至，某些地方政府和农民参与程度不高，出现“一头热”现象；项目实施过程中缺少核查和监督相结合的设计?！耙恍┍；ば约际醯挠τ每赡苄枰改甑氖视κ奔洌ザ酪允凳┠勘曜魑己耸侄危赡艹鱿忠云湃?、操之过急或弄虚作假现象?！闭疟笄康鳎谕恋亟ǖ挡唤鲆浴敖饩龅丶幻?，打破信息孤岛，服务预测决策”为目标，更要用于落实黑土保护政策和?；だ眉际跤τ玫暮瞬橹?。</span></span></p> <p>　　<span style="font-size:16px"><span style="font-family:微软雅黑">“制度创新和科技创新非常必要，不能仅仅搞试点示范，要可复制、可推广，能学好用?！痹俏木壑赋?，科技手段首先要解决大幅提升黑土地资源，从而保障国家粮食安全的问题；其次是黑土地永续利用问题；最后是法律法规实施的监测评价问题。“但这后一点是突出短板，必须尽快补上。”</span></span></p> </div> <div id="pztdibz8dp3f" class="unit" style="text-align: right;">(单位: 中国农业科学院农业资源与农业区划研究所)</div>  <div id="pztdibz8dp3f" class="article_bottom_btns"> <div id="pztdibz8dp3f" class="article_btn print fs12 pr" onclick="javascript:window.print()"><i class="iconfont nky-article_print fs24 pa-l"></i>打印本页</div> <div id="pztdibz8dp3f" class="article_btn close fs12 pr" onclick="window.close();return false;"><i class="iconfont nky-article_close fs20 pa-l"></i>关闭本页</div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="pztdibz8dp3f" class="rt3"> <a class="sub_051a item fs20 lh24" href="../../ywxxfbygl/index.htm">院网信息发布与管理</a> <a class="sub_channel_title03" href="../../ywxxfbygl/index.htm"> <div id="pztdibz8dp3f" class="more"></div> <div id="pztdibz8dp3f" class="title fs20">最新动态</div> </a> <div id="pztdibz8dp3f" 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